I understand the 0.6D + W equation and how it results in approximately the old 1.5 factor of safety, but the 0.6D + 0.7E as mentioned in the original post is still unclear to me.I read this as 0.6D, no live load, 0.7E where E is calculated only for dead load. If the dead load is small compared to a fully loaded structure then I think this condition is generally not significant.If my assumption is true then what do you do when the maximum uplift is from: D + 0.75L + 0.75.0.7EIt seems to me maximum loads up and down in this case would not include a factor of safety for overturning.Regards,-Mike RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 13:14. The 0.75 factor doesn't apply to the 0.7 E earthquake load, even when there are two or more transient loads (IBC 2003 1605.3.1.1).The 0.6D + W equation does not have a factor of safety included against overturning. The 0.6 D + W equation is part of the allowable stress design set of equations (IBC 2003 1605.3.1).
The loads you get from the basic load combinations are service loads. You then size your member for an allowable stress based on those loads. The allowable stress will be approximately 0.6. stress at failure.The 0.6 factor in the '0.6D + W' load combination comes from the fact that the Dead Load is often overestimated by engineers (understandably).
A foundation in residential construction may consist of a footing, wall, slab, pier, pile, or a combination of these elements. This course will addresses the. It is the intend of this course to provide reasonable safety margins that are at least consistent with the minimums required for other more crucial. The 0.6 reduction factor on D is. The names of the 2 new worksheet tabs are 'Footing (16 net pier loads)' and 'Unsymmetrical Footing Base'. The 'Footing (16 net pier loads)' worksheet should help particularly with bearing pressure and stability analysis for equipment foundations involving several piers/pedestals and short walls all on a common rigid foundation.
In the case of this load combination, the more conservative we are with our dead load, the less conservative we are with the uplift from wind load.Once you have your SERVICE uplift from your '0.6D + W' combination, you then have to come up with an allowable factor of safety against overturning. A typical F.S. Against overturning where I work is 2.0, but can be adjusted based on engineering judgement. RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 14:19. ITHW, respectfully I disagree with you.IBC (2000) does not specify any ADDITIONAL safety factor for overturning checks.
You simply follow the load combinations.For seismic - see 1617.4.5. This simply refers to overturning moments at each story based upon Fi at each level. You still use the various combinations, plugging in Fi as Q E in section 1617.1.1 along with the vertical seismic component of.2S DSD and you have E to use in the combinations.For wind, see 1609.1.3 for overturning. Again, no mention of any required 1.5 safety factor. Simply use a slightly underestimated dead load and use within the combinations - specifically 0.6D + W.
For the alternative load combinations of 1605.3.2, they require you to use 0.67D instead of D within the load combinations.If you have any specific code reference mandating an additional 1.5 safety factor, I'd love to be shown, but I'm not aware of any in the current codes.The commentary for ASCE 7-02, section 2, states: 'Load combinations (7) and (8) these are the.6D+W combos were new to the 1998 edition of ASCE 7. They address the situation in which the effects of lateral or uplift forces counteract the effect of gravity loads.
This eliminates an inconsistency in the treatment of counteracting loads in allowable stress design and strength design, and emphasizes the importance of checking stability.' There used to be confusion between strength and ASD because of the traditional 1.5 safety factor. How do you utilized a 1.5 factor for OT with factored loads? This was removed in the recent codes and instead, was included in the load combinations.RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural). I know I originally posted this thread concerning spot footing overturning, but the factor of safety against overturning also applies to retaining walls. IBC 2006 1806.1 states that 'Retaining walls shall be designed to ensure stability against overturning, sliding, excessive foundation pressure and water uplift. Retaining walls shall be designed for a safety factor of 1.5 against lateral sliding and overturning.'
Doesn't mention if this factor of safety is included in the load combinations or is in addition to them. I agree with JAE, seems pretty ultra conservative to apply the factor of safety of 1.5 after using the load combinations. RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 14:53. My load combination is a simplification of equation 6 under section 2.4.1 in ASCE 7-02 which I assume is the same as Equation 16-10 in the IBC when L and E are considered transient loads and the 0.75 factor is used. The ASCE equation also shows that the 0.75 factor is applied to 0.7E too.My conclusion is that the overturning 'checks' are only in the 0.6D equations only as JAE said.
I design elevated bins where the ratio of live load to dead load is probably much higher than with typical building structures, and they are relatively tall when compared to plan view dimensions. In higher seismic areas the maximum uplift at the column bases is when fully loaded.The reason for my concern is that I need to communicate to foundation engineers the loads at the base of my structures that are applied under the different load conditions, and I want to be sure that all assumptions including overturning are clear. I think I need to change how I am currently doing this, but am not yet sure how.This thread made me think about these issues again.Thanks,-Mike RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural). MrMikee,Would it be possible to give your loads for uplift, horizontal, etc for each load type (D, L, W and E)? That way the foundation designer can take the loads and put them in the load combinations he is using (strength or ASD). I recently dealt with the same kind of issues on an asphalt plant foundation.
The equipment included 75 foot tall silos that were 10' diameter and also some cold feed bins over a conveyer belt that had a dynamic load at the top. The problem I had was the equipment designer was giving me maximum uplift, gravity, and horizontal loads only. But when it came time to design the footings and anchor bolts (strength design for footings and ACI cracked concrete calculations for the bolts), I needed the individual loads so I could put them in the strength design load combinations. This works out great for our firm for projects like this and prefabricated steel buildings when we can get the loads broken out like that. Steel building compnaies always provide load outputs like that in their calculation books, you just have to dig to find them. However, sometimes the equipment designers have limited ability to provide these loads. RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 15:23.
The bottom line is that the ASCE 7 wind loads are service loads.If you were designing per LRFD, it is the classic:Resistance Factor. Actual Capacity Load Factor. Service Loadwhich is the same as:Actual Capacity (Load factor / resistance factor).
Service LoadBecause the (Load factor / resistance factor) = F.S., you have:Actual Capacity F.S. Service LoadIf you are designing per ASD, it is the classic:Actual Capacity / F.S. Service LoadMade up exampleSolved by LRFD:Service overturning Moment: 10 k-ftF.S. = 1.6 (This factor of safety is inluded in the load combinations)Ultimate overturning moment = 1.6. 10 k-ft = 16 k-ftRequired actual resisting moment capacity Ultimate overturning moment, so:Required actual resisting moment capacity = 16 k-ftSolved by ASD:Service overturning resisting moment = 10 k-ftF.S. = 1.6 (The engineer has to come up with this factor of safety)Required actual resisting moment capacity / F.S. Service overturning moment, so:Required actual resisting moment capacity = Service overturning moment.
F.S, so:Required actual resisting moment capacity = 10 k-ft. 1.6 = 16 k-ftSummary, you need to use an allowable resistance to overturning, which requires you providing the appropriate factor of safety.
RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 16:15. I agree with ITHW. The intent of the.6W in the load combination is to account for the fact that we may overestimate the deadload.
For example, a roof system in which we account for future roofing (2nd layer of shingles), would be overestimated if there is only one layer of shingles on the roof. And, the more likely scenario is that the shingles will be ripped off anyway in the case of the wind loading we would be designing for, further reducing the dead load.I understand there are cirtain circumstances where the dead load is very precisely known and also unlikely to change. In those circumstances, one may decide to not use any factor of safety in conjunction with the load case. I think it depends on the level of confidence that the actual dead load will be there at the time of loading. I think it would have been foolish of the code writers to try to incorporate a 'cover all' factor of safety into one load combination.
RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 16:16. Jeffhed,What I have done in the past was to list the individual loads as you suggest, but also the maximum load down and uplift. I'm starting to get a little concerned about the uplift loads because of the confusion that is possible regarding overturning factors of safety and stability of foundations. I work for a concrete plant manufacturer and don't get involved with the foundation design myself but want to make sure there is a clear understanding of what the information is that I provide on drawings.I've suggested that we just put on the basic loads and let the foundation engineer do the load combinations himself based on local codes etc., but there is resistance to this because we will frequently get asked for the maximum loads if we don't.
I suspect this is because someone unqualified is designing the foundation. Perhaps some guy in the maintenance department.Regards,-Mike RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 16:25. MrMikee,We always break out the loads for each condition. For a bin and seismic we do the following. We give the seismic load due to dead load and the seismic load due to live load material.
The seismic will include the vertical gravity, vertical effects (+/-), vertical due to lateral (+/-), and the shear. I know it seems like a lot of information but it's the only way IMHO to give the information out to others. We break this out this way on all designs because it just makes it easier to understand and I can apply the load combinations as requested. When I run into trouble is getting this information from suppliers. Generally they are giving me some standard information that was generated with the original design in the 70's and if I ask for something else I get the dear in the headlights look because the engineer who originally did the design retired 10 years ago and everyone left on staff is just a tech person. Man I love working in material handling!
RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 16:42. MrMikee,Our firm would comletely ignore the maximum uplift and vertical gravity loads because we don't know what load combinations they are using. In the asphalt plant foundation project I mentioned, I designed the footings and when talking to the engineer that supplied me with the loads I was told that the loads he gave me for dead+wind actually had live loads in them and the actual uplift could/would be higher.
It is reasons like this that we ignore any type of maximum loads and ask specifically for broken out loads like you provide. This is the only way I feel confident that I am designing the foundation as the equipment/steel building designer requires.As far as the overturning factor of safety issue goes, it appears that we are split. Some of us feel that the load combination includes the 1.5 factor of safety. Others feel that this factor of safety would be satisfied if the dead loads counted on were well defined (weight of concrete, etc.). ITHW makes and intersting point with the example he gave, I have never seen it laid out like that. RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 17:01. ITHW-In your example you state,'Required actual resisting moment capacity = 10 k-ft.
1.6 = 16 k-ft'I agree with that. However, if you are looking at it from that perspective, then you needn't use the 0.6.D factor - you would use 1.0.D. Since you are using the 'Required actual resisting moment capacity', no reduction factor is required. You are simply taking the 0.6 from the left side and making it 1/0.6 (or whatever FS you decide on) to the left hand side.RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 17:25.
StructuralEIT:You said:'Required actual resisting moment capacity = 10 k-ft. 1.6 = 16 k-ft'I agree with that. However, if you are looking at it from that perspective, then you needn't use the 0.6.D factor - you would use 1.0.D.' The key point is that what you call '1.0.D' is what the code calls 0.6.D. They use the 0.6.D to account for the fact that the actual in place dead load is almost always less than we design for.
When you say 1.0.D you mean the actual in place dead load, which the code calculates as 0.6. D. RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 17:53.
Ok, it appears I was at least partly (mostly) wrong. The 0.6 D is indeed meant to be the factor of safety. In all cases when 0.6 times the resisting moment (where resisting moment is dead load.
moment arm), you'll be good to go. Your factor of safety is 1 / 0.6 = 1.67However, where you have a service overturning moment, OM, greater than your 0.6 times your resisting moment, RM, you have to provide an uplift support. The equation will look like:OM - 0.6. RM = T. dwhere T is the service uplift and d is the moment arm.
You'll have to use a factor of safety on the uplift force. So if the numbers worked out as:OM - 0.6. RM = T. d20 k-ft - 0.6. 15 k-ft = T.
10 ftT = 1.1 kips (Service uplift)T = 1.1 kips. F.S.T = 1.1 kips. 1.67 = 1.84 kips (Required uplift capacity)Sorry for all the confusion.
RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural). I have been looking in some concrete and soils text books. In the sample calculations the author creates a table of loads (horizontal and vertical), calculates a resisting and oveturning moment and shows that the FS must be 1.5.
This is all done without load combinations, i.e. Full vertical loads. This happens in my boss's concrete text book (Copyright 1943!), Schuams Reinforced concrete design (1993), and Foundation Analysis and design (1996). Not one of these books uses load combinations for overturning and sliding calculations. Full gravity loads are used for all overturning and sliding. This makes it clear to me that if the load combinations are used, the factor of safety is built in. A quick calculation on a cantilvered column awning I am designing, FS of 1.5 and load combination would give me a FS of 2.79, while just the load combination would give me a FS of 1.52 for overturning.
It doesn't make since to me to use the combination of both. RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 18:35. Jeffhed,The way your company designs a foundation IMO is the way it should be done in that critical calculations and the foundation design is done by qualified engineers familiar with local regulations. As you found out the technical help at some of the equipment suppliers is limited, and in fact even the D, L, W, and E loads should be of suspect.aggman,I like your way of tabulating foundation loads. About a month ago I started working on a new format for our loads drawing similar to what you are doing.
As you said it can look like a lot of information in particular when there are moments on base plates. For bins and silos I don't consider 0.6D+0.7E because it seldom controls.
That would be another 8 load combinations and I already have 30 or more. I suppose for lighter equipment like conveyors the dead load only might be relevant.I agree that this is an interesting business being an equipment supplier and working with other suppliers, and after working in it for many years it is my opinion that from the technical standpoint it has gotten worse, not better. But that's probably a better topic for another discussion.-Mike RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural). MrMikee,Just curious, but when you design the equipment for a project, does your company typically have a licensed engineer signing and stamping your plans? Our city requires all engineered plans to be signed and stamped. This asphalt plant supplier did not have an engineer on staff and was surprised that the city would ask for stamped and signed drawings and claimed that this never happens. They then sent their designs to a consulting firm they use and the consulting firm stamped the plans but they were not even licensed in our state.
We had to review and approve their calcs and plans, which was a nightmare. I guess I was just suprises that an asphalt plant supplier did not have someone on staff or a retaininer that was licensed in this state. Off the subject I know, but I was just curious since you are involved on the other side of the problem from me. RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 20:56. Jeffhed,I've been in the concrete plant industry for almost fifteen years and have worked for four different companies. One of these companies was either number one or two in the industry for several years. In each case I was the only degreed structural engineer on staff and when I left I was not replaced by another structural engineer.
It's my opinion that it is not common for companies of this type to do the engineering required for their products. While I have pushed for compliance with building codes and related design specs at companies I've worked at, it's usually been an unpopular viewpoint.However, almost as strange to me is the fact that very few customers ever ask for design information or stamped drawings. When there is a request it is usually states on the east coast or west coast. Sometimes it's just to get the load breakdown so that the correct load factors can be applied, and sometimes it's to get design calcs or stamped drawings.If I were a customer I would ask for the load components and do my own calculation of the min and max loads on the foundation based on my interpretation of the code load combinations. I'd also ask how the wind and seismic loads were calculated and which codes were used. You'd probably be surprised.
Often overlooked in my opinion are the effects of quartering wind and orthogonal seismic loads.Regards,-Mike RE: Footing overturning calculations (Structural) 12 Apr 07 21:20.